Pneumonia/Empyema

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Figure 1: Pathophysiology of Pneumonia

Diagnosis

Treatment

Complications

Empyema

References

1) Islam S, Calkins CM, Goldin AB, Chen C, Downard CD, Huang EY, Cassidy L, SaitoJ, Blakely ML, Rangel SJ, Arca MJ, Abdullah F, St Peter SD; APSA Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee, 2011-2012. The diagnosis and management of empyema in children: a comprehensive review from the APSA Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 Nov;47(11):2101-10.

2) Kurt BA, Winterhalter KM, Connors RH, et al. Therapy of parapneumonic effusions in children: video assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus conventional thoracostomy drainage. Pediatrics

2006;118:e547-53. 

3) Gates RL, Hogan M, Weinstein S, et al. Drainage, fibrinolytics, or surgery: a comparison of treatment options in pediatric empyema.

J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:1638-42.

4) Aziz A, Healey JM, Qureshi F, et al. Comparative analysis of chest tube thoracostomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in

empyema and parapneumonic effusion associated with pneumonia in children. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2008;9:317-23.

5) Sonnappa S, Cohen G, Owens CM, et al. Comparison of urokinase and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for treatment of childhood

empyema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:221-7.

6) St Peter SD, Tsao K, Spilde TL, et al. Thoracoscopic decortication vs tube thoracostomy with fibrinolysis for empyema in children: a

prospective, randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44:106-11.

7) Wells RG, Havens PL. Intrapleural fibrinolysis for parapneumonic effusion and empyema in children. Radiology. 2003 Aug;228(2):370-8.

8) Rahman et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNAase in pleural infection. NEJM 2011.